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Portuguese independence was won by crusading European Christians who called the effort the Reconquista. Muslim Berbers from North Africa invaded and conquered much of the Iberian Peninsula, which had been ruled by the Christian Visigoths, a Germanic people, in the early 8th century. A caliphate is an Islamic state ruled by a religious and political leader, or caliph. Until 1249, parts of Portugal, and most of what is now Spain, was a caliphate known as Al-Andalus. But his efforts also began the process of European colonization, capitalism, and, ultimately, the transatlantic slave trade. Henry funded and planned expeditions to satisfy his curiosity, expand the territory and wealth of Portugal, and to spread Christianity. His actions sparked Europe’s age of exploration, which connected the world's people. He earned his title despite not venturing on many expeditions himself. Born Main Portu, Portugal, the third surviving son of King John (João) I and Queen Philippa, Prince Henry (Henrique) was better known as Henry the Navigator.
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